2006/05/11 | 历史上最变态的论文写完啦
类别(Life) | 评论(12) | 阅读(329) | 发表于 23:45
这几个礼拜的日子真不是人过的，两篇1500字的变态论文。一个是分析古希腊哲学家的，另一个是摄影术和超现实主义的。还有两个英语演讲，还有紧接以后的大大小小的考试。我现在已被折磨的很八股~估计等进入3个月后硕士的学习阶段我就早被折磨成白痴了。

前段时间网络坏了，懒得去申请，因为事情很多，一直拖到现在。汇报一下好消息，伦敦艺术大学的两个学院都给我免了面试直接发了专业录取通知书。很高兴的是坎博威尔（两学院之一的）给我发了数码设计的专业录取通知。所以我就首选了这个学院，因为我实在是很想换到这个专业来，如果在保持现在英语成绩的情况下，9月进入这个学校的把握还是非常大的~我的黑暗岁月总算快要熬到头了。

至于以前说到的那个拉夫堡大学，实在是很可恨~虽给我发了录入通知并给我2000镑的奖学金。但是居然让我现在就要交1000给它做押金确保我一定要去那学校读，如果万一我后来去了伦敦艺术大学，那钱就不退给我了！还有这种事~~而且更可气的是如果我不交押金就别想上这学校了~我和家人讨论过后决定还是拒绝了，这么一来，本来我想把这个学校做为候补的愿望也就破灭了。现在我是拼了老命也要考上伦敦艺术大学了，不然……………天灵灵，地灵灵一定要保佑我啊！

最后献上我写的摄影术的论文证明一下完成这个文章的我有多不容易~主要因为今天导师表扬了这篇，说写的很好~虽然是初稿但已经不用修改了~所以我才斗胆放上来~我估计这辈子也不会再写这么变态的论文了……就当是个纪念吧~


PHOTOGRAPHY IN SURREALISM


INTRODUCTION
Since its invention in 1839, photography has been used to record, report, and inform. During the twentieth century, art world and gallery system have accepted both documentary and fine-art photography. From 1920s to 1930s is an important moment for various radical artists who did experiments in photography in European (Bate, 2004). For example the avant-garde artist groups expressed their different ways of using photography particular in Germany, France and Russia. Surrealism is an essential part of this. During this period, photography as a new technology was used in surrealism, which offered a critique of established view and attitudes, these surrealism photographs called people to rethink the meaning of live, how we live and how to change the passive state of accepting historical fate. This essay focuses on one question which is "why and how photography was useful to surrealism". Thus, it is important and interesting to research: 1) what surrealism is; 2) what a surrealist photography is; 3) why and how photography was useful in surrealism; and 4) what functions of photographs are used in surrealism.


SURREALISM
Surrealist philosophy partly split from Dada. It abstracts of Wasssily Kandinsky and Expressionism, as well as Post-Impressionism. In 1924 French poet André Breton officially launched it by his book: Manifesto of Surrealism. Surrealism is cultural, artistic, or intellectual movement which seeks to exceed habitual thinking and everyday reality to illustrate the deeper meaning and the "unconscious mind" which come from Freudians and Jungian conceptions (Wikipidia, 2006). Sometimes surrealism displayed as a completely alteration of real life or social by freedom, love or poetry. It confuses or contradicts with conventional signifier. There is a common-sense identifying surrealism as 'surreal' or 'more than real' which can be expressed as a strange, unconventional or incomprehensible meaning. The fundamental of Surrealism is emphasis of the non-rational or sub-conscious importance of image.

Breton defined surrealism that it is constituted by two 'epochs': 1) 1919-24 'a purely intuitive epoch' (literary and linguistic based). During this period, only seven photographic images were published throughout the entire series of the thirty-three issues of litérature; 2) 1925-34 'a reasoning intuitive epoch' (Breton, 1936). In the second epoch, number of photographs was published in each issue of La Révolution surréaliste and Le Surréalisme au service de la revolution, which concluded many visual images and photographs that contributed forms of representation within surrealism (Burgin, 1982). In 1924, Breton's essay noted that the 1924 Manifesto of surrealism marks the end of the first period and the beginning of a second 'reasoning' phase.


SURREALIST PHOTOGRAPHY
Surrealist visual arts' techniques come from both of Dada and Cubism, such as photomontage used. Surrealism as a visual movement used to strip usual and common objects of their normal meaning to reveal their psychological truth (Wikipedia, 2006). Through creating remarkable images, it manages to exceed the usual formal organization or structure for evoking empathy from viewer. <BR /> <BR />
Surrealism is psychical representation which could not dissociate from politics, society and environment around human being. Photography has social and political functions which can represent the life and the world in various forms. Therefore, when looking at photographs used in surrealist exhibitions, magazines or books, it can be clearly seen that the photographs are heterogeneous, diverse and mixed and as a vital and useful tool to invoke a psychical realism within surrealism (Bate, 2004). The surrealists' use of photography ranges from film stills, portraits, newspaper cuttings, documentary, scientific photographs and postcards. In addition, various techniques were produced by surrealists through their experiments with objects, people and darkroom techniques. For example, Man Ray and Maurice Tabard used montage, double exposure and combination printing procedures to make the association of reality and dream. Dora Maar made an ugly, uncanny, or even repulsive subject to display a typical surrealist inversion. Moreover, some photographers expressed their images supernatural and weird by rotation or distortion images.


PHOTOGRAPHIC SIGNIFYING FUNCTION IN SURREALISM

Surrealist photography has various expressions, such as portraits, film stills and scientific images. However, these sociological categories can not describe their use within surrealism. In terms of considering a surreal effect, the photographic signifying function in surrealism can be categorized in three types: 1) Mimetic; 2) Pro-photographic; 3) Enigmatic.

Mimetic
A mimetic photograph can be defined as the conventional, normal use of photography, as an 'illustrative' representation (Bate 2004). It emphasizes reproduction of the thing depicted. 'Within or outside surrealism such mimetic photographs are commonly used to 'repuduce' paintings. "In semiotic terms, the production of meaning of a mimetic photograph is thoroughly iconic but only by masking its own presence" (Bate 2004). The photograph's material, graphic aspects and its concept represented join together to produce a stable signifying system. Thus, it can be briefly summarized as a believable signifier of a believable signified.


Pro-photographic
Pro-photographic is similar as the mimetic image, except the content (the subject depicted) in which signifier-signified relation is already surreal before taking photographs. Additionally, the surreal effect is neither created by photographic trick in camera nor by special technique in darkroom. Christian Metz is the first person who introduced the pro-photographic in his firm theory 'pro-filmic', which is the new neologism of film theory. The pro-filmic is introduced to describe some special cinematic effects, such as actual car crash or ET, which 'are achieved prior to the filmic monument and not depend on special in- camera or post-production techniques' (William, 1992). This distinction is so important that it helps to show how an effect of surreality is achieved. Therefore, it moved the issue of defining the surreal or surreality from the photography itself on to the objects it shows.

Enigmatic
The third category of 'enigmatic' shows the type of photograph typically described as 'surreal' and obfuscated a 'proper' signified meaning or sense(Bate 2004). The disruptions of a conventional photographic signifier can created by any rang of techniques, such as "using camera (lens shifts, focal plane and angles of view, change lighting etc.), or in pro-photographic imagery the stage set, geometry, props an tricks; or laboratory techniques in the darkroom; or use of extra-visual text or montages fabricated on a studio table" (Bate 2004). <BR /> <BR />
Any of these three categories of photograph can produce surreal meaning by employing historical surrealism. Surrealists through various exhibition, books and publications exploited all types of signs.


CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the meaning of surrealist photograph can not be simply aesthetically defined. Photography is a central role in surrealist activity, the surrealist photograph relates to mimetic, pro-photographic and enigmatic types of use of photograph. Either of the types can be mobilized to create an image which has uncanny feeling or epigamic and strange efforts and tend to surrealism. The three types of photograph lead themselves to the surrealist project. Surrealists take efforts to use creative powers to illustrate the deeper meaning of the societal or political environment around human in order to reveal psychological truth of life. They captured the sexual ecstasy, dreams, intoxication, madness and social dissent moments of psychic intensity through unrestrained forms to display surrealism.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bate, D. (2004), Photography & Surrealism I.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd
Breton, A. (1989), what is surrealism? Pluto, London
Burgin, V. (1982), Thinking Photography Macmillan, Basingstoke:
Krauss, Rosalind E. (1984), Photographic Conditions of Surrealism, the Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths, the MIT Press, Cambridge
Williams L, (1992), Surrealism and Film, University of California Press
Wekipedia（2006）Surrealism, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/surreanism (cited on 8/06/06)
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